Glycine-rich peptides from fermented Chenopodium formosanum sprout as an antioxidant to modulate the oxidative stress

Chen-Che Hsieh ^{a, §}; Shu-Han Yu ^{a, §}; Hsing-Chun Kuo ^b; Darin Khumsupan ^a; Hsiao-Chu Huang ^c; Yu-Wei Liou ^c; Chen-Yu Kao^d; Szu-Chuan Shen ^e; Kuan-Chen Cheng ^{a, c, f, g*}

^a.Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan. R.O.C.

^b.Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan. R.O.C.

^c.Institute of Food Science Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan. R.O.C.

^d.Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei. R.O.C.

^e.Undergraduate and Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei. R.O.C.

^f.Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan. R.O.C.

^g.Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan. R.O.C.

Rhizopus oligosporus was utilized in the solid-state fermentation of Chenopodium formosanum sprouts (FCS) in a bioreactor. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of food proteins derived from FCS was investigated. Results showed that glycine-rich peptide (GGGGGKP, G-rich peptide), identified from the < 2 kDa FCS proteins, had antioxidant values. According to SwissADME, AllerTOP, ToxinPred, and BIOPEP-UWM analyses, G-rich peptide was identified as safe, non-toxic, and non-allergenic. Afterward, the peptide was examined using in silico and in vitro studies to evaluate its potential alleviating oxidative stress caused by particulate matter. This study proposed plausible mechanisms that involve the binding of G-rich peptide which inhibited phosphorylation of the v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) subunit on NF-κB pathway. The inhibition then resulted in down regulation of NF-κB transcription and genetic expression of inflammatory responses. These findings suggested that G-rich peptide from FCS proteins can potentially alleviate oxidative stress.

Keywords: Antioxidant; Chenopodium formosanum; Food-derived peptide; Glycine-rich peptide; NF-kB pathway

https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3476